Mineral Maladies

Anatomical Pathologies of The Black Lithosphere

Mineral Maladies

Abstract

This project explores the ways that extractive racial capitalism in South Africa (and its concomitant processes of bodily injury) tends to homogenize body, land and matter into a singular precarious form, rendered available for the extraction of surplus value.

Extractive homogenization extends the state of abjection and fungibility across all the planes of the bodies from which it seeks to extract profit - human bodies, geological bodies, social bodies and mineral bodies become entangled in a state of precarious materiality and ontological peril.

This trans-corporeal state of precarity produces what I call ‘The Black Lithosphere’ – a realm of abject co-extension between the territory of the racialized body and the body of the racialized territory.

By deliberately mobilizing a poetics of space and deploying a speculative re-reading of the archive, I seek to de-territorialise the locus of industrial injury – charting the distorting processes of harm on racialized bodies across space and time.

In doing so, I attempt to map out the topographies of The Black Lithosphere of the Witwatersrand Basin - a space that is oftentimes treacherous, and sometimes inspiring.

Ultimately, I seek to make better sense of the destructive effects of anti-black racial capitalism on subaltern subjectivities, histories and territories.

And to tentatively imagine what kinds of expansive embodiment might emerge in the wake of this destruction.  

Launch Project

Article

MINERAL MALADIES : ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGIES OF THE BLACK LITHOSPHERE


An early open cast mine on the Main Reef workings of the Witwatersrand. Photo by R. Harris, 1888. (Source: the Wellcome Collection. License: Public Domain.)


This project proposes a form of experimental historiography in an attempt to reckon with the effaced histories of the racialised mineworkers and mines of Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand Basin - the site of the largest gold deposits ever found on earth.

But why Johannesburg?

The city of Johannesburg stands as a uniquely salient co-ordinate in the spacetime of 19th century global capitalism and its post-colonial afterlives.

One third of all the gold mined in human history was extracted from these mines.[1]

Furthermore, under the repressive projects of colonialism and Apartheid, Johannesburg became a space in which uniquely pernicious configurations of racial capitalism, industrial labour exploitation and environmental degradation coalesced - the first of its kind on the African continent.[2]

And yet, the official early historiography of Johannesburg (1886 - 1950) ignores and/or effaces the hardships of the racialised working classes that effectively built the city.

The few early entries on subaltern lives that do exist are violently concise expressions of the ‘bio-political arithmetic of the ledger’[3] - records of recruitment, injury and expenditure of the racialised workforce.

The official archive records the contributions of subaltern peoples and lands in the registers of violence, erasure and silence.

But archival silences can act as invitation - inviting new ways of thinking through and about the historiography of dispossession.

I take up this invitation by deliberately reinterpreting the phenomenon and locus of industrial injury in the mines of the Witwatersrand; in an attempt to make better sense of the destructive effects of anti-black racial capitalism on subaltern subjectivities, stories and lands.[4]

With this project, I explore the ways that extractive capitalism in South Africa and its concomitant processes of bodily injury homogenize body, land and matter into a singular form available for the extraction of surplus value.

I am interested in how this extractive homogenization produces marks of injury and morphological distortion that are mirrored across the realms of being and form – tangling the fates of Johannesburg’s geological landmass and the social bodies of the racialised mineworkers that were made to work it.

Industrial injury and extractive homogenisation can be seen to produce a multiplicitous and tangled corporeality - characterized by ontological precarity and morphological peril.

This precarious corporeality (revealed through poetic intervention into and through scientific knowledge) constitutes what I call The Black Lithosphere.

Inspired by a historical coincidence in 1735 (whereby famed natural philosopher Carolus Linnaeus used the same categories to classify both the races of man and the classes of minerals)[5] the project began by acknowledging the long-entangled histories of racial taxonomy and mineral extraction.

The phenomenon of occupational injury is used to explore the literal and metaphoric parallels between mineral extraction and racialized labour exploitation in The Black Lithosphere - deploying a speculative re-reading of socio-historical ephemera drawn from the early archives of the Witwatersrand.

This archive of ephemera includes a register of injuries afflicting African miners[6], journal articles on industrial medicine[7], audits of labour recruitment [8] and manuals on techniques of speculation and extraction.

Navigating the poetical recurrence of anatomical structures in geological discourse (and vice versa), the project uses a number of occupational pathologies to link the injurious effects of extractive capitalism on the land and the bodies that work it.

In adopting a poetic and visual register, this speculative, interdisciplinary approach to the histories of colonial materiality and embodiment draws out the faulty delineations that exist around discourses of being in extractive capitalism.

And responds to the silences of the archive by questioning how alternative notions of social, racial and environmental justice (in response to injury) might be enriched by stretching our notions of form, the body and the racialised subject.

SOME NOTES ON NAVIGATION:

WARNING: This project includes images, texts and documents that describe events of racial subjection, physical injury, bodily harm and death. Sensitive users are advised to proceed with caution.

This project is a work in progress.

The various notes and enquiries that make up the project are presented as a series of voicenotes interspersed with animations and images presented as gold nuggets.

The dictations form the backbone of the project and are presented in sequence but may be listened to in whichever order the user chooses.

Similarly, the images and hyperlinks may be opened in whichever order the reader/listener sees fit.

This fragmented engagement with various sources acts as an invitation for the reader/listener to construct their own trajectory of interaction with the archive and its tributaries.

These sources are presented as nuggets overlying an archival register of accidents to native employees. The user is invited to form their own path of engagement with the varied (and sometimes difficult) histories embedded in The Black Lithosphere of the Witwatersrand.


Footnotes:

  1. Tucker RF, Viljoen RP, Viljoen MJ (2016). ‘A review of the Witwatersrand Basin: The world’s greatest goldfield’. Episodes Journal of International Geoscience, 39 (2); 104 - 133.
  2. Mbembe, A. 2008. ‘Aesthetics of Superfluity’ in Nuttal S & Mbembe A (eds) Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis. Wits University Press, Johannesburg, RSA. pg 37 - 67.
  3. Jackson, Z. 2020. Becoming Human: Matter and Meaning in an Anti-Black World. New York University press: New York, NY. USA
  4. McKittrick, K. 2006. Demonic Grounds: Black Women and the Cartographies of Struggle. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, MN. USA
  5. Linné, C. V., Engel-Leboer, M. S. J. & Engel, H., eds. (1964) Carolus Linnaeus Systema naturae, .: Facsimile of the 1st ed. Nieuwkoop: B. de Graff.
  6. Simmer and Jack Mines Ltd. (1930 - 1934) Accident recording book, entitled “Register of Accidents to Native Employees”. Historical Papers, The Library, University of the Witwatersrand: Johannesburg, South Africa. Digitised in 2012. Accessible from: http://researcharchives.wits.ac.za/accident-recording-book-entitled-register-of-accidents-to-native-employees
  7. Turnbull, VH. (1962) Beat Shoulder: Description of a Beat Disorder occurring in Bantu miners in the Republic of South Africa. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 19 (3); 222-224. Accessible from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27721761; Dreosti, A (1935) Symposium - Problems Arising Out of Temperature and Humidity in Deep Mining on the Witwatersrand. Journal of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa. Accessible from: https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA0038223X_5380
  8. Witwatersrand Native Labour Association Ltd (1935) Report of the board of Management for the year ended 31st December 1935. Historical Papers Research Archive, The Library, University of the Witwatersrand: Johannesburg, South Africa. Digitised in 2013. Accessible from: http://researcharchives.wits.ac.za/uploads/r/historical-papers-research-archive-library-university-of-witwatersrand/d/2/9/d292535c2bdb73e32dc6b8cf523e1bde7fcb441c2402280be0773ddd92efd945/AD1715-13-1-1-001-jpeg.pdf

Credits

Sources

  • Tucker RF, Viljoen RP, Viljoen MJ (2016). ‘A review of the Witwatersrand Basin: The world’s greatest goldfield’. Episodes Journal of International Geoscience, 39 (2); 104 - 133.
  • Mbembe, A. 2008. ‘Aesthetics of Superfluity’ in Nuttal S & Mbembe A (eds) Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis. Wits University Press, Johannesburg, RSA. pg 37 - 67.
  • Jackson, Z. 2020. Becoming Human: Matter and Meaning in an Anti-Black World. New York University press: New York, NY. USA
  • McKittrick, K. 2006. Demonic Grounds: Black Women and the Cartographies of Struggle. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, MN. USA
  • Linné, C. V., Engel-Leboer, M. S. J. & Engel, H., eds. (1964) Carolus Linnaeus Systema naturae, .: Facsimile of the 1st ed. Nieuwkoop: B. de Graff.
  • Simmer and Jack Mines Ltd. (1930 - 1934) Accident recording book, entitled “Register of Accidents to Native Employees”. Historical Papers, The Library, University of the Witwatersrand: Johannesburg, South Africa. Digitised in 2012. Accessible from: http://researcharchives.wits.ac.za/accident-recording-book-entitled-register-of-accidents-to-native-employees
  • Turnbull, VH. (1962) Beat Shoulder: Description of a Beat Disorder occurring in Bantu miners in the Republic of South Africa. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 19 (3); 222-224. Accessible from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27721761; Dreosti, A (1935) Symposium - Problems Arising Out of Temperature and Humidity in Deep Mining on the Witwatersrand. Journal of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa. Accessible from: https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA0038223X_5380
  • Witwatersrand Native Labour Association Ltd (1935) Report of the board of Management for the year ended 31st December 1935. Historical Papers Research Archive, The Library, University of the Witwatersrand: Johannesburg, South Africa. Digitised in 2013. Accessible from: http://researcharchives.wits.ac.za/uploads/r/historical-papers-research-archive-library-university-of-witwatersrand/d/2/9/d292535c2bdb73e32dc6b8cf523e1bde7fcb441c2402280be0773ddd92efd945/AD1715-13-1-1-001-jpeg.pdf